![]() To implement this approach to calibration, the electrode is first immersed in a standard solution and the reading on a pH meter is adjusted to be equal to the standard buffer's value. Two or more buffer solutions are used in order to accommodate the fact that the "slope" may differ slightly from ideal. IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) has proposed the use of a set of buffer solutions of known H + activity. It is calibrated against buffer solutions of known hydrogen ion activity. A combined glass electrode has an in-built reference electrode. To apply this process in practice, a glass electrode is used rather than the cumbersome hydrogen electrode. ![]() ![]() pH = − log ( a H + ) = − log ( / M ), the "Nernstian slope". The pH scale is logarithmic and inversely indicates the activity of hydrogen ions in the solution. Acidic solutions (solutions with higher concentrations of H + ions) are measured to have lower pH values than basic or alkaline solutions. In chemistry, pH ( / p iː ˈ eɪ tʃ/), historically denoting "potential of hydrogen" (or "power of hydrogen"), is a scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.
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